Drew+Engesmoe

|| || [] || Campbell, Neil A. Introduction. //Biology. Student Ed.// 8th ed. [S.l.]: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 400-403. Print. [] || || === === [] || [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_library#Genomic_libraries] || Campbell, Neil A. Introduction. //Biology. Student Ed.// 8th ed. [S.l.]: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 403-404. Print. || || [] || [] || Campbell, Neil A. Introduction. //Biology. Student Ed.// 8th ed. [S.l.]: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 406-407 Print. || || || Campbell, Neil A. Introduction. //Biology. Student Ed.// 8th ed. [S.l.]: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 410-411Print. || Campbell, Neil A. Introduction. //Biology. Student Ed.// 8th ed. [S.l.]: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 411-412Print. || || [] || Campbell, Neil A. Introduction. //Biology. Student Ed.// 8th ed. [S.l.]: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 417Print. || [] || Campbell, Neil A. Introduction. //Biology. Student Ed.// 8th ed. [S.l.]: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 419-420Print. ||
 * Part One || **__Gene Cloning With Bacterial Plasmids__**  ||  **__Nucleic Acid Hybridization__**  ||
 * === Describe: === || * Plasmid is inserted with foreign DNA creating Recombinant DNA
 * As the transformed cell replicates it continues to create more recombinant DNA
 * This is all done in a lab || * A single strand of DNA or RNA is used to target a specific DNA produced in cloning
 * It reminds me of transcription ||
 * === Analyze: === || * Plasmid is isolated from bacterial cell
 * Foreign DNA is added to the cut portion of the plasmid (restriction enzyme cuts it) creating recombinant DNA
 * Plasmid then is taken in by cells
 * Cells are put into ampicillin which leads to the death of the non-transformed cells (ones that didnt get recombinant DNA)
 * Transformed cells have formed colonies, which allow scientists to isolate the specific gene wanted || * Take the transformed cells (colonies from the last cell) and heat them up so the DNA seperates
 * Take the DNA or RNA (nucleic acid probe) that is complementary to your DNA strand you want to isolate.
 * The probe is labeled with fluorescent tag so we can track it
 * It will hydrogen bond with the desired DNA
 * With a few things such as membrane made of nylon, we can screen a large number of clones simultaneously. ||
 * === Apply: === || * Produces protein products... example for medical use would human growth hormone and insulin
 * It allows the production of many copies of a particular gene
 * In crops it allowed for taking the pest resistant gene from one type of plant cell and putting it in a different type of plant. || * It helps find the specific gene wanted from processes like gene cloning.
 * With this ability to isolate the gene we want, we are able to put it into a culture in a large tank and produce many copies of the gene
 * allows for production of many protein products like insulin ||
 * === Synthesize: === || * It reminds me of a museum (plasmid), they take in many artifacts (recombinant DNA) from all over. Even though you probably are only going to see one thing, you end up seeing a lot of different things (this is like the colonies that lived but dont have the DNA you want). But in the long run the thing you wanted to see makes the museum better. || * It reminds me of transcription ||
 * === Argue: === || * Gene cloning with bacterial plasmids is a very good thing
 * This technology allows for the production of insulin through the process of cloning rather then using natural material
 * Making it much less expensive and more widely available to people (saving lives)
 * The fact that plants can be modified by the best cells in other plants
 * Leads to higher producing yields (allowing for a ever growing society) || * This method allows for the increased production in stuff such as insulin through the isolation of certain genes
 * Making it cheaper and more readily available to people
 * Saving lives ||
 * === Media: === || []
 * === Resource: === || Campbell, Neil A. Introduction. //Biology. Student Ed.// 8th ed. [S.l.]: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 397-400. Print.
 * ===Random Pictures:=== || [[image:http://www.billfrymire.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/dna-strand-code1.jpg width="548" height="342" align="center"]] || [[image:http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/DNA-colored.gif width="330" height="291" align="center"]] ||
 * Part One || **__Genomic Library__**  ||  **__Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)__**  ||
 * ===Describe it:=== || * Each Bacteriophage and plasmid containing a particular part of the initial segment of genome is a part of the genomic library || * DNA being copied millions of times in very short amount of time simply by heat, cooling, and DNA polymerase with a complementary strand of DNA. ||
 * ===Analyze it:=== || * This helps organize all sorts of different types of particular segments of DNA
 * Allows for easier access to finding a certain gene wanted to be replicated and/or used for a experiment || * Heat it up to seperate the DNA strands
 * then cooled to allow hydrogen bonding by short, single-stranded DNA that is complementary to desired strand
 * Heat-stable DNA polymerase extends the primers in the 5' --> 3'
 * the process is repeated but also uses the newly developed DNA, which is why it can produce so much ||
 * ===Apply it:=== || * Determining the complete genome sequence of a given organism
 * Serving as a source of genomic sequence for generation of transgenic animal through genetic engineering
 * Study of genetic mutations in cancer tissues || * Because it allows for a large amount of DNA in a small amount of time even if the DNA is partial
 * It helps in crime cases where there is very little DNA
 * It has allowed for the replication of ancient DNA
 * helps detect genetic dissorders ||
 * ===Synthesize it:=== || * obvious comparison but the most appropriate is a regular library, It can contain many different types of books, but it is categorized and really well organized
 * you go there you usually are looking for one specific thing which is easy to find and use || * It reminds me of tearing a paper in half over and over again, granted that would cause you to run out of paper eventually while with PCR you wont run out. But the reason it reminds me of that is because with a very little paper (# of genes in PCR's case), you can create a lot of the exact same thing
 * in multiples of two ||
 * ===Argue:=== || * The genomic library is a great thing because it allows for scientists to use their time most efficiently and productive
 * With the library they don't have to continuously || * It is a very good thing because it helps create DNA at a much faster rate even if there is very little DNA to start with
 * This has greatly influenced forensic science and made it easier to obtain DNA from a crime scene that can be used ||
 * ===Media:=== || === ===
 * ===Resources:=== || Campbell, Neil A. Introduction. //Biology. Student Ed.// 8th ed. [S.l.]: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 400-401. Print.
 * [[image:http://blogs-images.forbes.com/daviddisalvo/files/2011/11/DNA.jpg width="1336" height="274"]] ||
 * Part Two || **__Gel Electrophoresis__**  ||  **__Southern Blotting__**  ||
 * ===Describe it:=== || * DNA moves through gel with a current at different rates because of size || * If you though this was a form of painting like I did at first, sorry to tell you but it's another amazing technique used for finding the specific gene
 * It combines gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization ||
 * ===Analyze it:=== || * DNA is inserted into wells toward the negatively charged side of the gel
 * Electric current is turned on
 * pushing negatively charged DNA toward the positive side
 * After so long you check the DNA and you will be able to see it seperated based on size (smallest going furthest and largest going the least distance)
 * This allows to see a map of the different segments of DNA (can be seen in media) || * This process is done in 5 steps
 * 1) Each DNA sample is mixed with the same restriction enzyme
 * 2) The fragments are then seperated by gel electrophoresis
 * 3) DNA is transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane
 * 4) Radioactively labeled probe is exposed to the blot
 * 5) Photographic film forms an image corresponding to those bands containing the right DNA ||
 * ===Apply it:=== || * It can be used for restriction fragment analysis, which can rapidly provide useful information about DNA sequences || * It can be used to identify the carriers of mutant alleles associated with genetic diseases
 * It is used to prove that the modified organism did succesfully get the genome ||
 * ===synthesize it:=== || * Being a former boyscout this process kinda reminds me of a pinewood derby, where you race one wooden car against another. Even though there is a restriction on weight, the lighter (smaller) the car is the faster they tend to be. Which is very similar to what occurs in this process. || * It reminds me of the old way to develop pictures where you had to be in a dark room and have some type of solution to develop it. ||
 * ===Argue:=== || * It is a good thing because it is giving us alot of information on DNA and it sorts the segments for us || * This is a great thing to use because with the use of all the other processes this can definitly show you the genes you want to find and is more in depth on things then gel electrophoresis ||
 * ===Media:=== || []
 * ===Resources:=== || Campbell, Neil A. Introduction. //Biology. Student Ed.// 8th ed. [S.l.]: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 405-406 Print.
 * Part 2 - Part 3 ||  **__Microarrays__**  ||  **__Plant Cloning__**  ||
 * ===Describe It:=== || * A plate of DNA that contains all genes of a organism (ideally), easy way to test for a specific gene out of a large selection || * Replicating a plant without them naturally reproducing themselves, ultimately putting us in control of their genes and traits ||
 * ===Analyze It:=== || * 4 steps
 * 1) Isolate mRNA
 * 2) make cDNA by reverse transctiption, using fluorescently labeled nucleotides
 * 3) apply cDNA mixture to a microarray, it will hybridize with any complimentary DNA
 * 4) Rinse off excess cDNA,scan microarray for fluorescence || * plant cells are said to be totipotent, meaning they are able to dedifferntiate and give rise to a new plant that is the exact same replica as before. ||
 * ===Apply It:=== || * It shows the general profiles of gene expression over the lifetime of an organism
 * Small microarrays to check IDs of organisms in food and feed
 * Assessing genome content in different cells or closely related organisms || * It is used to offer plants at a low price making them more available
 * It is used also to recreate plants that have valuable charecteristics, such as the ability to resist a plant pathogen ||
 * ===Synthesize It:=== || * It is in the book also but it really does remind me of a computer chip, a tiny chip can hold a lot of information which is just like a microarray. || * It reminds me of the assembly line used to make cars and other products, it has a designated product to make and each one comes out the exact same just like plants being cloned the exact same ||
 * ===Argue:=== || * Microarrays are good for the science community because it makes it very easy to work with a lot of genes at once with this process || * I believe that plant cloning especially is alright to do because it leads to more productive plants by using the best qualities
 * more food or plants=less expensive it is to buy
 * It also makes it so many other things are possible, if all corn was used for feeding us and our growing world there would be no advances in other science fields like biotechnology (ethanol) ||
 * ===Media:=== || []
 * ===Resources:=== || []
 * ===Jokes:=== || [[image:http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lld0gao8rP1qe11kdo1_400.png width="469" height="395"]] || [[image:http://assets.diylol.com/hfs/a5c/540/28b/resized/chemistry-cat-meme-generator-these-biology-and-chemistry-jokes-keep-getting-cornea-and-cornea-424a03.jpg width="408" height="402"]] ||
 * Part 3 - Part 4 || **__Animal Cloning__**  ||  **__Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLPs)__**  ||
 * ===Describe It:=== || * This is very similar to plant cloning because the whole process is about reproducing many animals that is the exact same replica of the one wanted. || * Because of a change at the sequence, the restriction enzymes create different size fragments ||
 * ===Analyze It:=== || * It is done in 6 steps
 * 1) Cultured mammary cells are semistarved (causing dedifferention)
 * 2) nucleus removed from egg cell from the ovary
 * 3) nucleus fused with mammary cell
 * 4) Grown in culture
 * 5) Implanted in uterus of a third sheep
 * 6) Embryonic Development || * This process uses the fact that 2 homologus chromosomes can have different restriction sites which leads to different length fragments (hence the name) ||
 * ===Apply It:=== || * Produce many animals that are exact replicas without the need of natural reproduction (save time)
 * These can be used in lab experiments
 * They can be used for production of human proteins
 * can provide more food for the general public (less expensive with more available) || * With this we can find out what causes a disease and be able to fix it
 * Genetic mapping
 * Genetic fingerprinting ||
 * ===Synthesize It:=== || * Much less sophisticated but this process reminds me of copying a paper because all copies come out the exact same. || * This reminds me of radio frequencies and how different wavelengths lead to different stations. (104.7 has a different wavelenght then 96.5) ||
 * ===Argue:=== || * I know that a lot of the public has a negative opinion on cloning animals, but I believe it is a good thing because it allows for a quicker reproduction of animals. In turn that allows us to accomplish much more in the medical field. If they can use animals for testing purposes what difference will it make the animal is a clone. The debate will rage on for a lot longer though (read some of the questions and problems about cloning)[] || * Even though now it is kinda out of date and pretty much been retired
 * This was one of the first inexpensive techniques able to be used widespread and greatly helped with DNA profiling ||
 * ===Media:=== || []
 * ===Resources:=== || Campbell, Neil A. Introduction. //Biology. Student Ed.// 8th ed. [S.l.]: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 412-415Print. [] || []
 * || [[image:http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR8tnAIYO8NjLwm3xknCCEgo9r4ZXFbLGz6klxXjtgTb_fgMigFayJF-pl3 width="323" height="241" align="center"]] || [[image:http://www.thedailygreen.com/cm/thedailygreen/images/bg/gm-crops.jpg width="503" height="390" align="center"]] ||
 * Part 4 || **__Gene Therapy__**  ||  **__Transgenic Animals__**  ||
 * ===Describe It:=== || * Introducing genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes || * A gene from a animal of one genotype is inserted into the genome of another individual, usually of a different species ||
 * ===Analyze It:=== || * 4 steps
 * 1) Insert RNA version of normal allele into retrovirus
 * 2) Let retrovirus infec bone marrow cells that have been removed from the patient and cultured
 * 3) Viral DNA carrying the normal allele inserts into chromosome
 * 4) Inject engineered cells into patient || * Three steps:
 * 5) Remove eggs from a female of the recipient species and fertilize them in vitro
 * 6) Cloned DNA is inserted into eggs nuclei
 * 7) Surgically implant the eggs into a surrogate mother
 * 8) Animal born now contains desired trait ||
 * ===Apply It:=== || * Potential for treating disorders traceable to a single defective gene
 * Cure diseases || * It allows us to create protein for humans ||
 * ===Synthesize It:=== || * To me it reminds me of a low or flat tire. When air is injected into it, it inflates and becomes normal again. || * If you cloned the initial transgenic animals you wouldnt have to keep taking DNA cause it would be replicated in the new cloned animal ||
 * ===Argue:=== || * I think this is a great thing to be getting involved in because it can lead to many different ways to help people with injuries and diseases || * This is a good thing because this way there is a production of protein coming from some where and they dont need it so we can take it and use it to help out the people of the world ||
 * ===Media:=== || [[image:http://neurobio.drexelmed.edu/FischerWeb/genetherapy.jpg width="430" height="563" align="center"]] || [[image:http://www.biotech.iastate.edu/biotech_info_series/images/552image02.gif width="349" height="455" align="center"]] ||
 * ===Resources:=== || Campbell, Neil A. Introduction. //Biology. Student Ed.// 8th ed. [S.l.]: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 417Print. || Campbell, Neil A. Introduction. //Biology. Student Ed.// 8th ed. [S.l.]: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 419Print. ||
 * [[image:http://hplusmagazine.com/sites/default/files/images/articles/jan10/bio.gif width="435" height="294" align="center"]] || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/NA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.png/350px-NA-comparedto-DNA_thymineAndUracilCorrected.png width="315" height="318" align="center"]] ||
 * Part 4 || **__ Transgenic Plants __** || __ **Genetic Profiles** __ ||
 * ===Describe It:=== || * A desired gene is implanted into a plant and grown so it produces proteins in plants || * Everyone has a unique DNA sequence (except identical twins), your genetic profile is like your own specific sequence ||
 * ===Analyze It:=== || * Extract wanted DNA
 * Clone it
 * Transform it to make it easy to inject into plant
 * Tranformation
 * Plant breeding || * DNA test evidence or smaples of stuff such as body fluids, small pieces of tissue, or other possesions of stuff
 * They look at variation in length (STRs)
 * 13 STR matches makes you guilty pretty much ||
 * ===Apply It:=== || * Can be used to create proteins for humans
 * Use as vaccines || * Can be used in forensics to help solve crimes and setting innocent free
 * paternity test
 * Identifying victims ||
 * ===Synthesize it:=== || * Using this process to create plants with a desired gene to grow can allow you to just clone the plant later and create a exact copy that also produces the protein, this way you dont have to keep taking the gene and inserting it into a plants seed || * To me it reminds me of a social security card cause everyone has their own unique one ||
 * ===Argue:=== || * This is a good thing because it allow us to produce more protein for different things which will help us continue growing and advance biology to bigger and better things || * This is also a great thing because it is greatly impacting the justice system by getting the right man the first time. Its sending innocent people free and the guilty away. ||
 * ===Media:=== || [[image:http://www.scq.ubc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2006/08/transgeniccrop.gif width="395" height="269" align="center"]] || [[image:http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2009/10/14/1255530340999/Human-genome-001.jpg width="460" height="276"]] ||
 * ===Resources:=== || Campbell, Neil A. Introduction. //Biology. Student Ed.// 8th ed. [S.l.]: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 419Print.