Kyle+Pollreisz

Cloning takes place in vitro. (test tube experiment) Foreign DNA is inserted Cloning of genes is where identical copies of genes are made. ||= The screening of a library for a specific gene When the specific gene is found, identical copies can be made cells are transferred on a nylon membrane stored in multiwelled plastic plates ||= Storage of cloned genes in DNA libraries Phage clones are stored in multiwelled plastic plates but one phage clone per well Clones are made in vitro (test tube experiment) ||= In vitro Specifically copying a certain segment mainy times It's like photo copying one page instead of the whole book. Quick way to copy a segment into a product of large quantities || Books making up an entire library ||= 3 step process of greatly amplifying DNA or genes 1. Denaturation-Breif heating to separate DNA strands 2. Annealing: Cooling that allows hydrogen bonding to occur between primers and end of sequence 3. Extension: DNA polymerase adds to the 3' end of primers || askdkf separates nucleic acids or proteins on size, charge, or other properties with electricity fields || A combination of 5 steps including gel electrophoresis and acid hybridization to identify nucleotides. || a bunch of lights on a background. fragments represent genes on an organism. genone wide expressions study is allowed because of microarrays. || 4. Hybridization with radioactive probe 5. Probe detection || 1. Isolates mRNA 2. cDNA by reverse transcription uses fluorescently labeled nucleotides 3.a microscopic slide on which single-stranded DNA fragments from the organims genes are fixed, with a different gene in each spot. The cDNA hybridizes with any complementary DNA on themicroarray. 4. Each fluorescent spot represents the gene expressed. || aksldjf
 * = **Procedure:** ||= **Gene Cloning** ||= **nucleic acid hybridization** ||= **Genomic Library** ||= **Polymerase chain reaction** ||
 * = **Description** ||= DNA is cloned in a controlled lab.
 * = **Analyzation** ||= The bacteria contains the plasmid and the cell contains the gene. The gene is then inserted into the plasmid. The cell then goes on to reproduce more cells containing the cloned gene. ||= Single-Stranded RNA or DNA are formed with complimentary strands that scientists created to synthesize a completed strand. ||= Contains many clone cells all carrying a cloned gene and together they make up an entire genome of the organism.
 * = **Application** ||= Baceria alternation to treat diseases or increase crop productivity, heart attack therapy, toxic waste cleanup ||= We are able to screen a large number of DNA and find a DNA strand complimentary to the DNA probe. ||= Scientists obtain the libraries for research and to study ||= They use PCR to take a little DNA and make a lot of it. In forensics when they find DNA they need more so they can run tests on it. ||
 * = **Synthesization** ||= Similar to normal DNA replication ||= A lot like transcription ||= DNA screening ||= Great production of a little substance ||
 * = **Arguement** ||= Makes the crops in fields as productive as they are today. Without it, we wouldn't obtain as much food. ||= Great way to identify particular genes using complimentary probes. ||= Its a scientific library that scientists can use, therefore it is important. ||= If we couldn't make more of a little bit of DNA then we could find DNA at a crime scene but only have a limited amount of tests to run before they lose it. ||
 * = **Media** ||= [[image:http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/M/Making_rDNA.gif width="482" height="329"]] ||= [[image:http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/NUCLEIC.gif width="450" height="512" align="bottom"]] ||= [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/en/3/3f/SCREENING_LIBRARY_CHEM114A.jpg width="736" height="596"]] ||= [[image:http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04etta/background/dna/media/dna_1_600.jpg width="600" height="698" caption="Polymerase chain reaction" link="javascript/history.go(-1)"]] ||
 * = **Resource URL** ||= [] ||= [] ||= [] ||= [] ||
 * || **Gel Elecrophoresis** || **Southern Blotting** || **Microarrays** ||
 * **Description** || uses a gel made of polymer
 * **Analyzation** || separates macromolecules on the basis of rate of movement through a polymeric gel in an electrical field. Distance a DNA travels is inversely proportional to length. They move toward the positive side of the electrical field. || Southern Blotting has 5 steps. 1. Preparation of restriction fragments. 2. Gel electrophoresis 3. DNA transfer
 * **Application** || Restriction fragment analysis which can rapidly provide useful information about DNA sequences. || Researchers can detect specific nucleotide sequences within a complex DNA sample. || They use this to tests thousands of genes at once to find the genes expressed. ||
 * **Synthesization** || A bath tub with lighter toys floating to the top while the bigger toys stay on the bottom. || It reminds me of a paper press. || It reminds me of stop lights with all the lights. The lights lit up represent genes expressed. ||
 * **Arguement** || It is a very good technique that can be used to match DNA with someone elses DNA. such as if you wanted to find someones birth parents or if you wanted to test DNA from a crime scene. || It is a good idea because it helps in crime scenes. Also researchers can detect specific nucleotide sequences. || It is a good idea because it helps scientists study thousands of genes at once. ||
 * **Media** || [[image:http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/donald.slish/figures/Agarosegel2.GIF width="255" height="283" align="left" link="http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/donald.slish/Gelmov.html"]] || [[image:http://oregonstate.edu/dept/biochem/hhmi/hhmiclasses/bb451/figsname/Southernblot.jpeg width="348" height="573" align="center"]] || [[image:http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR3xCIEqdLq9rW3hEtnWJkz6AE1ph2yZu1IXu917w2fJ3MX3PK8ZAEBHcIbwQ width="132" height="132" link="http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://biotech.biology.arizona.edu/Resources/DNA/microarray.jpg&imgrefurl=http://biotech.biology.arizona.edu/Resources/DNA_analysis.html&usg=__oM8iFvTox6ZNqi2QOPzaDKhmjsk=&h=533&w=531&sz=83&hl=en&start=7&zoom=1&tbnid=r0xFZEz3YhvFxM:&tbnh=132&tbnw=132&ei=5XQYT57GIYTAtged8Jy6Cw&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmicroarrays%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&itbs=1"]] ||
 * **Resource** || [] || [] || [] ||


 * || **Plant Cloning** || **Animal Cloning** ||
 * **Description** || Cloning of a plant from single differentiated cells makes identical offspring || Cloning of an animal is the taking of a somatic cell and an egg cell and combine the two to make an egg which becomes the cloned animal. ||
 * **Analyzation** || First, take part of the root, and culture the fragments in a nutrient-rich medium. The cultured cells form into calluses which grow into the identical plants. So from culturing cells from an already fully grown plant, we can produce identical plants that can be just as productive as the first. || The egg cell is removed of its nucleus and is combined with the somatic cell that has a complete DNA blueprint or makeup. The cells are combined and then cultured. The cell is then implanted into a recipient female and the animal will then be born when ready. So we could produce the most productive cows possible to get the most desirable traits or most meat possible. ||
 * **Application** || Plant cloning is used in argiculture to make plants self reproduce. Part of agriculture research. || The process of animal cloning is to make better animals that are more productive or of better traits. It is a process which is used to make the best animals possible. ||
 * **Synthesization** || It could be a could breakthrough in research to make the best and most productive crops possible. || It is a great way to make the best animals possible. Such as in cattle. It could be used to produce great cattle. ||
 * **Arguement** || It is a good idea because it could help with crops and provide more food. || It is good because we could get more meat out of each individual cow this way because the cows are of better traits and structurally built better with more muscle. Some people believe it is very wrong but some people believe it is a scientific breakthrough. ||
 * **Media** || [[image:http://generalhorticulture.tamu.edu/YouthAdventureProgram/TisueCulture/P81F1.GIF caption="Tissue culture explants"]] || [[image:http://www.effab.org/Portals/0/about%20breeding/Cloning/cloning%20technology/figure%20cloning%20efsa%20report%202008.jpg width="487" height="597"]] ||
 * **Source** || [] || [] ||

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2. Retrovirus infects cells that have been removed from patient and cultured 3. Viral DNA with the normal allele is inserted into the chromosome 4. Inject the engineered cell into patient and the cell will start producing the missing protein. || 1. Create recombinant DNA from the host and the desired organism. 2. Insert the recombinant DNA into the host and the desired material is then produced in the host. || Very similar to transgenic animals in which recombinant DNA or plasmids are inserted into the plant. || Scientists use Short Tandem Repeats to determine a genetic profile. The sequences repeat of 2-5 bases in regions. ||
 * Procedure: || **Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism** || **Gene Therapy** || **Transgenic Animals** || **Transgenic Plants** || **Genetic Profiling** ||
 * **Description:** || It is another process that is similar to gel electrohpresis. It is used to figure out many things involving DNA and identity. || It is the use of DNA as a pharmaceutical agent to treat diseases. || A transgenic animal is when an animal has a foreign gene inserted into its genome so they have a trait to produce something that they previously couldn't. || Transgenic plants are similar to trasngenic animals as in they insert recombinant DNA for a desirable trait in the plants. || A genetic profile is like a DNA fingerprint. Everyone's genetic profile is different from everyone else's. ||
 * **Analyzation:** || It starts out by fragmenting DNA which is then separated by gel electrophoresis by their lengths. Then are moved to a membrane via Southern blotting. Hybridization then takes place using a DNA probe that finds the lengths of the fragments which are complementary to the probe. || 1. Insert RNA version of norma allele into retrovirus
 * **Application:** || Used for genome mapping, genetic fingerprinting, localization of genetic disorders, and paternity tests || It is used for therapeutic reasons to make people more healthy due to missing proteins or genes. || They use animals to produce materials needed such as proteins from a goat. || They use plants for genetic engineering so they have the desirable traits such as more food or some other trait. || Genetic profiling is used mainl in forensics to determine whose DNA is at the crime scene. ||
 * **Synthesization:** || It is a process made up of gel electrophoresis, southern blotting, and hybridization. || It is the removal of cells and altering them and then putting them into the patient. || It reminds me of creating mutant animals that can do things that the orginal animals couldn't. || It is just like transgenic animals in producing biologically advanced plants. || Genetic Profiling is almost all of the procedure we have talked about put together, such as gel electrophoresis, southern blotting, PCR, and RFLP. ||
 * **Arguement:** || It is good because it is inexpensive and finds valueable information. || It is a good idea that could heal many people's issues. || It is good and bad. It is bad that we are altering animals genomes but could possibly help with producing things such as proteins. || It has its positives but most of it is for food and a lot of people don't want to eat advanced food. || It is great procedure because without it, we wouldn't be able to identify bodies or criminals. We wouldn't be able to identify victims either. Without it, families wouldnt know if their family members are for sure dead. ||
 * **Media:** || [[image:http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/RFLPs_8.gif width="473" height="328"]] || [[image:dnainfo/l_gene.therapy-ms.gif]] || [[image:http://bioethicsbytes.files.wordpress.com/2007/10/belgianblue1.jpg?w=221&h=160]] || [[image:http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRUm0U5Xopuz3oOQxFCNMS-DhT8BJB93cG1uj5dLIxmzRRIntYJPomCzg width="127" height="90" link="http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://image.shutterstock.com/display_pic_with_logo/378830/378830,1241434532,1/stock-photo-transgenic-corn-29629645.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-29629645/stock-photo-transgenic-corn.html&usg=__ziqbVnW8WTaxKK7P-np3qpksTJE=&h=320&w=450&sz=82&hl=en&start=5&zoom=1&tbnid=M799r4hB1M0TnM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=127&ei=aFIgT_jVMs782gWI2_CUCQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dtransgenic%2Bcorn%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1"]] || [[image:http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRIPAc_vAajqybj1OF93ABaasXXOZ1b-twdBW1G9ADmmTfqmJBVbGBRNmw width="131" height="87" link="http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.insidershealth.com/app/webroot/img/upload/wysiwyg/genetic-profile-BC.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.insidershealth.com/articles/category/cancer/5&usg=__mlVQCOr8gknGgTz6uzCKz-hF27w=&h=337&w=506&sz=75&hl=en&start=32&zoom=1&tbnid=1XvDNLpITybiIM:&tbnh=87&tbnw=131&ei=YVYgT7H0JYX02QXuyuGODw&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dgenetic%2Bprofiling%26start%3D21%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1"]] ||
 * **Source:** || [] || [] || [] || [] || [] ||