Chase+McBrayer

|| [|http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/cloning.shtml#how] || = = [] ||
 * || __Plasmid Cloning__  ||
 * Describe || * Plasmids from cells extracted
 * DNA Molecules carry in foregin DNA into a host cell and replicates there
 * Recombinant plasmids by insertion of foregin DNA in vitro, and then reintroduced intobacterial cells ||
 * Analyze || # isolate DNA
 * 1) isolated DNA is then purifued and fragmented with a restriction enzyme
 * 2) isolated DNA is then incorperated into plasmids
 * 3) plasmid has a single restriction site when cleaved by the restriction enzyme producing the same cohesive ends as in the fragment of DNA
 * 4) cohesive ends then meet together and bonded together by DNA ligase
 * 5) plasmids then incorperate into bacterial cells by transformation ||
 * Apply || * genetic engineering of organisms
 * modifing crops, animals, and other forms of food
 * resistance to certain types of illnesses
 * maybe someday used to create organs or entire organisms ||
 * Synthesize || This makes me think of what the world would be like if everyone was the exact same genetic make up. I mean no one would be "better" then any one else because they would be the exact same if they were cloned from the same organism. think about it what would happen if everyone was the same. It would be weird! ||
 * Argue || I am kind of on the line with the whole cloning thing. Yes, it is great they are trying to produce more yield and all with crops and other ways to create more food, but they don't have to go and try and clone whole animals and other organism leave them be if people were not different there wouldn't be anything in the world then because everyone would have the same ideas and veiws on things and nothing would every get done. ||
 * Media || [] -- Video
 * Sources || []
 * || __Nucleic Acid Hybridization__  ||
 * Describe || * single-stranded nucleic acids are allowed to interact so hybrids are fromed by molecules with similar sequences.
 * filtered by radio-active probe
 * screens library for genes of interest ||
 * Analyze || * Nucleic Acid Hybidization functions as a "screen" to find its desired gene
 * if you know the last part of the nucleotide sequence of the gene of interest(from knowing the amino acid of the protein it encodes) you can synthesis a probe complementary to it. ie. if the gene strand was GGCTAACTTAC 5->3 the synthesiszed probe would be CCGATTGAATCG 3->5 ||
 * Apply || This used primary to look for a specific transcript or localization of a gene ||
 * Synthesis || This makes me think of Google because it is scaning through things to find something to match what was entered into it. like when you enter cat into Google it will come up with all the things it can find to do just like when you synthesis Nucleic Acid Hybridization to find a strand to match AGCTTGCA 5->3 it finds a strand that is TCGAACGT 3->. ||
 * Argue || I believe this is an important thing. this is what scans through un cloned genes to find the right match to match to another gene and without it genes would maybe not match correctly and cause problems ||
 * Media || [[image:http://ccrhawaii.org/mb-images/clip_image003_0007.jpg]] ||
 * Sources || []


 * || __Genomic Library__  ||
 * Describe || * population of host bacteria each that has a DNA Molecule that was incerted into a cloning vector
 * cloned DNA molecules represent the genome of the entire source organism
 * all vector molecules carrying chromosomal DNA prior to insertion into host cell ||
 * Analyze || # DNA molecules of interest are isolated
 * 1) partially digeted by restrition enzyme
 * 2) separated by size by using agarose electrphoresis
 * 3) DNA pieces then stored untill needed ||
 * Apply || the genomic library is just like a storage room. the DNA segments are put in there when they become of interest they are gone after and looked for untill the right one is found ||
 * Synthesis || i think of a library when i see this not just because it is in the name but a library stores book and then when one is need or becomes of interest someone goes in there and looks for it. ||
 * Argue || this is an important part of cloning because it makes it easy for segments of DNA to be found ||
 * Media || [[image:http://www.emunix.emich.edu/~rwinning/genetics/pics/library.gif width="510" height="357"]] ||
 * Sources || [] ||


 * || __Polymerase Chain Reaction__  ||
 * Describe || * used to amplify few copies of DNA
 * producing thousands or millions of the DNA sequence ||
 * Analyze || * Three major steps repeated
 * 1) Denaturation 94 C
 * double strand melts open to single str
 * 1) Annealng 54 C
 * primers jiggled around, Ionic bonds formed and broken, once there is a few bases built in the ionic bonds are strong enough between template and primer that they do not break
 * 1) extention 72 C
 * primers without exact match get loose again and dont give an extention of that fragment. bases are coupled to the primer in the 3 side ||
 * Apply || this can be used to make more copies of a DNA sequence that there is not many to begin with ||
 * Synthesis || this could be used at crime scenes ||
 * Argue || this is another important thing because with out it if there is a DNA strand that there is not very many of they would run out quickly, but this way more can be produced ||
 * Media || [[image:http://users.ugent.be/~avierstr/principles/pcrsteps.gif caption="PCR steps"]] ||
 * Sources || [] ||

[] -- Video ||
 * || Gel Electrophoresis  ||
 * Describe || * gel acts as a molecular sieve to separate nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of size, electrical charge, and other physical properties
 * seperates proteins by size and charge ||
 * Analyze || # Add dye to desired samples
 * 1) Make a gel. Agarose gel, is made by mixing agarose powder with buffer, heating until the powder has dissolved, adding ethidium bromide, pouring the mixture into a gel box, and putting in combs which are pulled out after the gel has cooled to make wells.
 * 2) Make sure the wells are positioned so that the material that is being analyzed is has room to run. For example, since DNA is negative and runs towards to positive electrode, the wells are best off being positioned on the far negative side.
 * 3) Add enough running buffer in the gel box to cover the gel.
 * 4) Load sample
 * 5) Attach the electrodes to the power source.
 * 6) Run for the designated amount of time.
 * 7) After the gel has run, turn off the power source, remove the gel carefully and analyze using a UV light box. ||
 * Apply || They use Gel Electrophoresis when they are looking for a certain protein of size and charge. ||
 * Synthesis || this reminds me of a magnet that is used to filter out metal in a pile of sand. ||
 * Argue || I believe this is a good thing because it is a quick and easy way to find a certain protein of a certain size and charge. ||
 * Media || [[image:http://www.molecularstation.com/images/agarose-gel-electrophoresis.jpg]]
 * Sources || [] ||


 * || __ Southern Blotting __  ||
 * Describe || * Developed by British biochemist Edwin Southern
 * Combines gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization allowing use to detect just those bands with the part B-goblin gene ||
 * Analyze || * Used to verify the presence or absence of a specific nucleotide squence in the DNA
 * 1) DNA is isolated from source
 * 2) Digested with a specific restriction enzyme
 * 3) DNA restriction fragments loaded into a agarose gel
 * 4) Smaller fragments migrate faster
 * 5) Fragmets made visibale by ethidium bromide
 * 6) DNA transfered from the gel to a nylon fiber
 * 7) Radioactive nucleic acid probe is added and the probe binds to complementary DNA sagments
 * 8) nylon membrane is covered with X-ray film to see position of the probe ||
 * Apply || It combines gel electrophoresis and nucleic acid hybridization to detect certain fragments of DNA ||
 * Synthesis || This reminds me of a stamp, because it is covered with X-ray film to see the position of the probes and to read what a stamp says it has to stamped onto a piece of paper. ||
 * Argue || I believe it is a good thing because it combines a few other processes to create one process that is simple to do and doesn't take very long to do. ||
 * Media || [[image:http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/ecb/ecb_images/10_14_1_Southern_blotting.jpg width="788" height="558"]] ||
 * Sources || [] ||


 * || __Microarrays__  ||
 * Describe || * Makes genome-wide expression study possible
 * Tiny amounts of large number DNA fragments of different genes are fixed to a glass slide
 * Representing all the genes of an organism ||
 * Analyze || # Isolate mRNA
 * 1) Make cDNA by reverse transcript
 * 2) Apply the cDNA to a Microarray
 * 3) The cDNA hybridizes with any complementary DNA
 * 4) Rinse of excessive cDNA
 * 5) Each flupresent spot represents a gene expressed in the sample ||
 * Apply || It is used to provide a grander veiw of how ensembles of genes interact to form an organism and maintain its vital systems. ||
 * Synthesis || This reminds me of washing out my garage, becuase when I spray of the cement all the dirt and garbage leave, but the scratches and scuff marks stay just like when the DNA microarray is washed off the fluorescence is left over. ||
 * Argue || This is a good process becuase it seems smiple to do and will happen fast making it quick and easy to do to find a certain DNA segment. ||
 * Media || [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c8/Microarray-schema.jpg/220px-Microarray-schema.jpg width="330" height="481"]] ||
 * Sources || [] ||


 * || __Plant Cloning__  ||
 * Describe || * First accomplihed in 1950s by F.C. Steward and students at Cornell University
 * Cloned carrots
 * Any cells that can dedifferentiated called totipotent ||
 * Analyze || # 2mg fragments into nutrient medium.
 * 1) Stirring causes cells to shear off into the liquid.
 * 2) Cells in suspension begin to divide
 * 3) Embryonic plant develope from a single cell
 * 4) Plantlet was cultured i agar medium
 * 5) Later planted in soil ||
 * Apply || Plant cloning is used in agriculture. Only orchids are cloned commercially. Other plants are just cloned for valuable characteristics. ||
 * Synthesis || This is pretty simple. This reminds me of just growing new plants. It's a single-cell growing into a full plant just like a seed growing into a plant. ||
 * Argue || I think this could be pretty useful because it can mass produce plants and different foods for people in 3rd world countries that can not make enough food for themselves. ||
 * Media || [[image:http://generalhorticulture.tamu.edu/YouthAdventureProgram/TisueCulture/P81F1.GIF]] ||
 * Sources || [] ||


 * || __Animal Cloning__  ||
 * Describe || * Called nuclear transplantation
 * 1950s -- Robert Briggs and Thomas King
 * 1970s -- John Gurdon
 * Tadpole was first animal and sheep (Dolly) was first mammal ||
 * Analyze || * Nucleus Transfer
 * Transfer genetic info from cell being cloned to an egg stripped of its nucleus
 * Stimulate Cell Division
 * Implanted egg is now totipotent like embryonic cells, now holds the ability to create an entire organism through cell division. The egg is simulated by chemicals or eletrical current
 * Embryo Transplant into Host
 * When simulated the asexually produce starts to divide. When enbryo is developed enough it is implanted into the uterus of female host.
 * Rest of development is done naturally ||
 * Apply || They use animal cloning to produce more animals that can be used for food and other day to day needs for humans. ||
 * Sythesis || This just reminds me of normal reproduction between two different animals to produce offspring except in cloning the offspring is genetically the same. ||
 * Argue || I do not like this at all. People do not need to go out and clone animals. There is plenty of cats, sheep, and so on on the earth for people to survive. They are getting to much envolved in cloning animals and stuff that there before long isnt going to be any natural occuring events. ||
 * Media || [[image:bcsengage/zzz.gif]] ||
 * Sources || [] ||


 * || Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism  ||
 * Describe || * RFLPs are restriction sites with the same array and distance between the sites
 * Arise through mutations ||
 * Analyze || * Restriction enzymes can be changed so they only cut at certain sequence to produce more RFLPs ||
 * Apply || RFLPs can be used to identify certain groups of people who are at risk of certain genetic disorders, and are used in forensic science during criminal investigations. ||
 * Synthesis || This reminds me of when some one cuts something in half so that two people get equal amounts, becuase some people have to have it exact. ||
 * Argue || RFLPs are a good thing becuase it can help find people who are at risk of certain genetic disorders and maybe help them out befoe they get to sick. ||
 * Media || [[image:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/probe/IMG/RFLP.gif]] ||
 * Sources || [] ||


 * || Gene Therapy  ||
 * Describe || * Use of DNA as a pharmaceutical to treat diseases ||
 * Analyze || # Insert RNA version of normal allele into retrovirus
 * 1) Let retrovirus infect marrow cells that have been removed rom the patient and cultured
 * 2) Viral DNA carrying the normal allele inserts into chromosome
 * 3) Injects engineered cells into patient ||
 * Apply || Holds great potential for treating disorers traceable to a single defective gene ||
 * Synthesis || This reminds me of just the advancement of different types of medications ||
 * Argue || This could be a good thing, but i am not one of those people who agree with cloing. I just thing people should leave things the way they are. ||
 * Media || [[image:http://singularityhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/SCID_Gene_Therapy.jpg width="301" height="356"]] ||
 * Sources || [] ||


 * || Transgenic Animals ||
 * Describe || * Performed on animals besides humans
 * Introduce a gene from an animal of one genotype into the genome of another individual ||
 * Analyze || # Remove eggs from a female of the recipient species
 * 1) Fertilize them in vitro
 * 2) Cloned the desired gene from the donor
 * 3) Inject the cloned DNA into the fertilized eggs
 * 4) Embryo then surgically implanted in a mother ||
 * Apply || This is used to help make some animals produce more milk or eggs, or to help the animals live a longer healthier life. ||
 * Synthesis || This reminds me of just the normal reproduction of animals, the only differents is that the embryo is geneticlly changed before it is in the mother. ||
 * Argue || Again, I am all for making animals bigger and better but i think they should just be left alone and let them grow the way they are suppose to. ||
 * Media || [[image:http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Transgenics.gif]] ||
 * Sources || [] ||


 * || Transgenic Plants  ||
 * Describe || * Performed on all plants
 * "Pharm" plants ||
 * Analyze || * Steps using Ti Plasmids
 * 1) Ti Plasmids is isolated from the bacterium (Plasmid that integrates into the genome called T DNA)
 * 2) Foregin gene of interset is inserted into T DNA
 * 3) Recombinated plasmids introduced into cells via electroporation
 * 4) Once plasmid is taken into a cell, T DNA integrates into chromosomal DNA
 * 5) Plant grows ||
 * Apply || Using plants to make human proteins for medical use and viral proteins for vaccines ||
 * Synthesis || This reminds me of when I was younger and was always trying to grow plants in cups in a window seal ||
 * Argue || I like what they are trying to do here and geneticly changing plants doesnt bother me as much as it does as changing animlas. ||
 * Media || [[image:http://www.technologylodging.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/transgenic-plant.jpg]] ||
 * Sources || [] ||


 * || Genetic Profiles (Forensic Testing)  ||
 * Describe || * Unique set of genetic markers
 * "DNA fingerprint"
 * Started being applied in 1988 ||
 * Analyze || * DNA testing is used to determine your genetic profile
 * Everyones is different besides identical twins ||
 * Apply || It is use for paternity tests, identifying high-risk people, and determining a persons chance at developing a disease. As DNA technologys advance so does the uses for genetic profiling ||
 * Synthesis || This reminds me of a bar code scanner becuase once is scans the barcode it knows what it had just scanned ||
 * Argue || I think this is a good thing because it is quick and easy way to determine if the tissue, blood, or whatever belongs to a certain person ||
 * Media || [[image:http://www.dnacenter.com/images/Chromosome-Graphic.jpg]] ||
 * Sources || [] ||